Resources / The outside evidence
The filings and studies
behind the report.
The report’s own evidence is the benchmark. The outside evidence is here: company filings, government series, association studies and the two consulting estimates the report uses on purpose, each with its nature named and its limits stated. The first shelf holds 24 entries; the rest are added with each quarterly release.
24 of 24 resources.
Published research · Government statistics
USDA ERS Food Expenditure Series, 2025
The Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture.
Entry pending ↗Published research · Trade association research
FMI and the Hartman Group, U.S. Grocery Shopper Trends 2026
FMI is the food retailers’ association; its shopper research is fielded by the Hartman Group.
Cited in chapter 02 ↗Published research · Academic study
Gruen, Corsten and Bharadwaj, Retail Out-of-Stocks, 2002
An academic study funded by the Grocery Manufacturers of America and the Food Marketing Institute.
Cited in chapter 01, 03, 04 ↗Published research · Trade association research
PLMA, U.S. Private Label 2025
The Private Label Manufacturers Association, whose members make own-brand products.
Entry pending ↗Published research · Trade association research
FMI, The Power of Foodservice at Retail 2024
FMI, the food retailers’ association.
Cited in chapter 01 ↗Published research · Trade association research
FMI and the Hartman Group, Grocery Shopping Trends 2014
FMI, with fieldwork by the Hartman Group.
Entry pending ↗Company filings · Company filing
Kroger FY2025 results, 8-K
The Kroger Co., filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Entry pending ↗Company filings · Company filing
Albertsons FY2025 results
Albertsons Companies, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Entry pending ↗Company filings · Company filing
Costco 10-K FY2025
Costco Wholesale Corporation, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Entry pending ↗Company filings · Company filing
Walmart 10-K FY2026
Walmart Inc., filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Cited in chapter 02 ↗Published research · Trade association research
FMI Food Industry Facts, net margin
FMI, the food retailers’ association.
Entry pending ↗Published research · Trade association research
FMI, State of Fresh Foods 2025
FMI, the food retailers’ association.
Cited in chapter 01, 03 ↗Published research · Government statistics
USDA ERS, A Disaggregated View of Market Concentration in Food Retail
The Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture.
Entry pending ↗Company filings · Company filing
United Natural Foods 10-K FY2025
United Natural Foods, the wholesaler, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Entry pending ↗Published research · Consulting estimate
Brick Meets Click, U.S. eGrocery Sales, July 2025
Brick Meets Click, a consultancy; the monthly panel is sponsored by Mercatus, a grocery e-commerce vendor.
Cited in chapter 03 ↗What an operator did · Company filing
Kroger 8-K, automated fulfillment network, November 2025
The Kroger Co., filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Entry pending ↗Company filings · Company filing
Instacart 10-K FY2025
Maplebear Inc., which trades as Instacart, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Cited in chapter 04 ↗Company filings · Company filing
DoorDash 10-K FY2025
DoorDash Inc., filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Entry pending ↗Published research · Consulting model
Capgemini, The Last-Mile Delivery Challenge
The Capgemini Research Institute, part of a consultancy that sells to retailers.
Cited in chapter 03 ↗Company filings · Company filing
Ocado full-year results 2025
Ocado Group, a UK online grocer and technology licensor.
Entry pending ↗Company filings · Company filing
Kroger 10-K FY2025, alternative profit and Our Brands
The Kroger Co., filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Cited in chapter 01 ↗Company filings · Company filing
Kroger 10-K FY2025, loyalty and data
The Kroger Co., filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Cited in chapter 02, 04 ↗Published research · Consulting estimate
BCG, How Retail Media Is Reshaping Retail
Boston Consulting Group, a consultancy that sells to retailers.
Entry pending ↗Published research · Government statistics
USDA ERS, SNAP participation FY2000 to 2024
The Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture.
Cited in chapter 02 ↗